The Digestive System Review

Discipline: Biology (and other Life Sciences)

Type of Paper: Question-Answer

Academic Level: Undergrad. (yrs 3-4)

Paper Format: APA

Pages: 1 Words: 275

Question

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.
Amino Acids

When digested, fats are broken down into _____.
both glycerol and fatty acids

Starch is a type of _____.
polysaccharide

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested.
fructoses

Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch? 
amylase

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____.
maltose

Protein digestion begins in the _____.
stomach

What is the main component of gastric juice?
water

_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.
Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine

What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?
hydrochloric acid

The layer of the GI tract wall that is responsible for motility is the
muscularis

The process by which undigested material is removed from the gastrointestinal tract is
elimination

The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is
peristalsis

Muscular movements that mix food in the lumen of the small intestine is referred to as
segmentation

Once a bolus of food has been formed in the mouth, it is passed by the tongue and jaws to the
pharynx

The figure above is a diagram of a tooth. Which of the labeled parts of the tooth is made up of a nonliving compound of phosphate and calcium?
A

The ________ is the region of a tooth that lies below the gum line, and the entire tooth sits in a socket in the jawbone, lined with ________, indicated by label ________.

root, periodontal membrane, E

The salivary glands include
sublingual, parotid, and submandibular glands.

During swallowing,
the epiglottis bends to close the trachea.

Mucin in saliva functions to
aid in food particles sticking together.

Gastric juice in the stomach is composed of
HCL, fluids secreted from gastric glands, pepsinogen.

"Gurgling of the stomach" is due to
peristaltic contractions.

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that specifically targets
protein

Bile is produced by the ________ and stored in the ________.
liver, gall bladder

The watery mixture of partially digested food produced in the stomach is called
chyme

The pancreatic ducts connect to the small intestine at the 
deudenum.

In the small intestine, amino acids and monosaccharides are moved into the mucosal cells by the process of
active transport

The pancreas aids in the chemical digestion of food by

releasing digestive enzymes and biocarbonate ions into the duodenum.

Nutrient rich blood moves from the small intestine to the liver via

the hepatic portal system

An eating disorder in which someone diets excessively or deliberately stops eating altogether is called
anorexia

As chyme leav
es the stomach, the acidic nature of the partially digested food stimulates the pancreas to release the signalling molecule,
secretin
Which of the following types of diets is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol

Which of the following vitamins can be produced by the human body?
D

Water-soluble vitamins differ from fat-soluble vitamins in that water-soluble vitamins
are stored for a brief period of time.

A disorder of the nervous system in which the individual eats and then deliberately vomits is
bulimia

Trypsin is a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas to facilitate the chemical breakdown of
proteins

The appendix is considered one of the lesser accessory organs of the digestive tract
false

Gingivitis occurs when tooth decay causes inflammation of the enamel and pulp of the tooth.
false

The condition known as acid reflux occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions, allowing stomach fluid into the esophagus
true

Mucin is a major component of saliva, which lubricates the teeth and causes food to stick together during swallowing.
true

Stomach acid does not break down the wall of the stomach because gastric juice contains a powerful base that neutralizes the acid before it can cause damage.
false

Segmentation is the primary means of mechanical breakdown of food in the digestive tract.
false

The hepatic portal vein carries blood rich in nutrients from the liver to the small intestine; there, the nutrients undergo further processing before they are released into general circulation.
false

Secretin is released by the liver to stimulate the pancreas to release bicarbonate ion into the small intestine
false

"MyPyramid" provides a personalized approach to assist an individual in developing a successful nutrition plan.
true
According to the American Dietetic Association, the best diet is one that does not include any carbohydrates or fats; a diet based on protein consumption is sufficient.
false

Teeth are located in sockets in the jaws; these sockets are lined by a ________ membrane.
Periodontal

Dental caries are caused by the production of ________ by bacteria in the mouth
acids

Mucosal cells of the stomach secrete ________ , which binds to vitamin B12 so that it can be better absorbed in the small intestine.
intrinsic factor

Region of the small intestine with the lowest pH is the
duodenum

"Brush border" refers to ________ found on the surface of the epithelial cells of the small intestine.
microvilli

The digestion of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates is completed in the ________
small intestine

The small, fingerlike structure that extends from the cecum is the ________.
appendix

Bacteria residing in the large intestine release ________, which is absorbed by the human host and used for the process of blood clotting
vitamin K

Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the ________
stomach

Natural sugars such as those from fruit and honey are classified as ________.
simple

Postmenopausal women are often advised to take the mineral ________ as a supplement to their diet in order to prevent bone loss due to osteoporosis.
calcium

Secretin stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.

pancreas ... bicarbonate

The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.
secretin

The presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.
cholecystokinin, or CCK

Brown fat appears brown because it is filled with what?
mitochondria

Most brown fat on infants is found where?
on their backs

Which hormones activate brown fat?
catecholamines

Which protein is unique to brown fat?
UCP-1

Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?
stomach

Which of the following statements about the organs of the digestive system is true?
Although protein digestion begins in the stomach, pancreatic enzymes break the final polypeptide chains into amino acids.

What would happen if the liver were unable to produce enough bile salts?

Fatty acid absorption would decrease.
Which of the following macromolecules go directly from the lumen of the small intestine to the epithelial cells of the intestine and on through to the blood stream?
carbohydrates and proteins

Another name for the alimentary canal is ________.
gastrointestinal tract

All nutrients must cross this layer
Mucosa

Responsible for motility in the GI tract
Muscularis

Good molecules that are absorbed by mucosa enter the blood vessels of this tissue layer
Submucosa

Attaches organs to the body wall; this thin layer of connective tissue is located on the surface of the organs
Serosa

Elimination of undigested food material, from the large intestine is controlled by
The defecation reflex

Essential amino acids
Are required in the diet because the human body cannot make them

Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the ____ to secrete _____.
Pancreas... Pancreatic enzymes

Bile is produced by the ____ and stored by the ____ until it is secreted into the small intestine
Liver... Gall bladder

A- Liver
B- Gallbladder
C- Pancreas
D- Mouth
E- Esophagus
F- Stomach

Produces bile
Liver

Releases bile into the duodenum
Gallbladder

Secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into small intestine
Pancreas

Mechanical and chemical digestion begins here
Mouth

Relies on peristalsis to move food to the stomach
Esophagus

Hydrochloricacid is released to promote digestion of proteins
Stomach

Breaks down proteins in the small intestine
Chymotrypsin

Secreted in an inactive form by gastric glands
Pepsin

Breaks down lipids
Lipase

Secreted by salivary glands to begin breakdown of starch
Amylase

Inflammation of the gum tissue, often due to tooth decay
Gingivitis

Condition that results when part of the stomach protrudes through the opening in the diaphragm into the chest cavity
Hiatal hernia

Inflammation of the liver, caused by toxic substances or viruses
Hepatitis

Permanent damage to cells of liver often caused by long-term abuse of alcohol; results in liver dysfunction
Cirrhosis

Noncancerous growth of the mucous membrane of an organ of the digestive tract; can be detected by a colonoscopy
Polyp

Inability to digest milk sugar die to lack of an enzyme; symptoms include bloating, cramps, diarrhea
Lactose intolerance

The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract is the
Serosa

Accessory organs of the digestive system
Salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, liver

Truths regarding the esophagus
  • Muscularis of the esophagus is made up of smooth and skeletal muscle
    Mucosa produces mucus that facilitates passage of food
  • malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter can result in a condition known as acid reflux
    organ transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

    A bacterium that causes peptic ulcers
    Helicobacter pylori

    High levels of chylomicrons in the blood means excess consumption of
    Fats